Affirmative Agreement and Negative Agreement

Affirmative Agreement
Untuk menghilangkan pengulangan kata pada suatu kalimat kita bisa menggunakan kata “so”atau “too”. Ada perbedaan pada susunan kalimatnya ketika menggunaan kata “so” dan “too”. Silahkan perhatikan rumus berikut:
Ketika hanya ada “to be” pada klausa utama (main clause), maka tenses yang sama dari “to be” digunakan pada klausa kedua (second clause).
Contohnya:
1.     I am hungry = I am hungry, and you are too.
2.    You are hungry = I am hungry, and so are you.

Affirmative statement (to be) + and +                 Subject + to be + too
                                                                              So + to be + subject

Contoh kalimat lainnya:
1.     Their plane is arriving at 7 o’clock, and so is mine.
2.    I am sick, and He is too.
3.    Our class is clean, and so are theirs.
4.    Bella is beautiful, and her sister is too.
5.    My hand writing is bad, and so are you.

Ketika hanya ada kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb), contohnya: will, should, has, have, must, etc pada klausa utama (main clause), kata kerja bantu nya (auxiliary verb) juga digunakan pada klausa kedua (second clause).
Contohnya:
1.     He has seen her plays = He has seen her plays, and the girls have too.
2.    The girls have seen her plays = He has seen her plays, and so have the girls.

Affirmative statement + and +                              Subject + auxiliary verb only + too
       (auxiliary verb)                                                So + auxiliary verb only + subject

Contoh kalimat lainnya:
1.     They will go at noon, and she will too.
2.    He has an early appointment, and so have I.
3.    They have written their lyrics, and so have we.
4.    Richard has lived in Cuba for five years, and they have too.
5.    I should finish the report, and she should too.

Ketika hanya ada kata kerja (verb) tanpa auxiliary verb pada klausa utama (main clause), kata kerja bantu do, does, atau did digunakan pada klausa kedua (second clause) dan tenses nya harus sama.
Contohnya:
1.     We go to school = We go to school, and my brother does too.
2.    My brother goes to school = We go to school, and so does my brother.

Affirmative statement + and +                              Subject + (do, does, did) + too
(single verb except ”to be”)                                    So + (do, does, did) + subject

Contoh kalimat lainnya:
1.     We want to buy a fountain, and she does too.
2.    My mother likes traveling, and so do their mother.
3.    My brother invites him to the party, and my sister does too.
4.    They wrote a good poem, and so did he.
5.    Fred cooked fried rice for his breakfast, and Tina did too.

Negative Agreement
“Either” dan “neither” memiliki fungsi yang sama seperti kata “too” dan “so” pada klausa kedua (second clause) dalam kalimat positif (affirmative sentence/ agreement). Kata “Either”dan “neither” ini digunakan untuk mengindikasikan kalimat negative (negative sentence/ agreement). Aturan yang sama juga berlaku untuk penggunaan “to be”, “auxiliary verb” (kata kerja bantu), dan “verb” (kata kerja).
Contohnya:
1.  I didn’t go to the mosque yesterday, and Ali didn’t either.
2.  I didn’t go to the mosque yesterday, and neither did Ali.

Negative statement + and +                   Subject + negative auxiliary or “to be” + either
                                                                Neither + positive auxiliary or “to be” + subject

Contoh kalimat lainnya:
1.     The manager isn’t too happy with the project, and neither is his assistant.
2.    We can’t study in the library, and he can’t either.
3.    You didn’t pay the taxes, and they didn’t either.
4.    My brother won’t accept my father’s decision, and my sister won’t either.
5.    He doesn’t know the answer, and neither does she.

Sumber :
http://bahasainggrisonandNegativeAgreement013/04/elliptical-constructions.html

Possessive Adjectives, Possessive Pronoun, Reflexive Pronouns

Pengertian Pronouns adalah kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menggantikan orang, hewan, dan benda. Tujuan dari penggunaan pronouns ialah untuk menggantikan noun tersebut agar tidak terjadi penyebutan yang berulang-ulang dalam sebuah kalimat.
Penjelasan tentang kata ganti:
PRONOUNS

Subject
Object
Possessive
Possessive
Reciprocal
Pronouns
Pronouns
Adjectives
Pronouns
Pronouns
I
Me
My
Mine
Myself
You
You
Your
Yours
Yourself
He
Him
His
His
Himself
She
Her
Her
Hers
Herself
It
It
Its
Its
Itself
We
Us
Our
Ours
Ourselves
You
You
Your
Yours
Yourselves
They
Them
Their
Theirs
Themselves

Possessive Adjectives
Pronoun ini berfungsi sebagai kata sifat, yaitu untuk menerangkan kepemilikan terhadap nouns. (The nouns belong to whom? = nouns itu milik siapa?)
Contoh:
1.       This is my house. (Ini adalah rumahku).
2.       That is his house.
3.       This is your dictionary. (Ini adalah kamusmu)
4.       We all like our teacher.
5.       Didit and Yeyes are saving some of their money to buy a birthday gift.
6.       That is your book.
7.       This is their clean class.
8.       That is our television.
9.       This is my new bag.
10.   That is her big house.

Possessive Pronoun
Kata ganti ini juga menyatakan kepemilikan sesuatu benda. Perbedaannya dengan possessive adjectives adalah terletak pada kata bendanya yang tidak disebutkan lagi karena sudah tersirat di dalam kata ganti ini.
Contoh:
1.       This house is mine. (rumah ini adalah rumahku).
2.       That house is his. (rumah itu adalah rumahnya).
3.       This dictionary is yours. (kamus ini adalah kamusmu).
4.       I like your shoes but I don’t like mine. (Saya suka spatumu, tapi saya tidak suka sepatuku).
5.       Those books are his now. (Buku-buku itu adalah buku-bukunya sekarang).
6.       This new bag is mine. (Tas baru ini adalah tasku).
7.       That television is ours. (TV itu adalah TV kami).
8.       These beautiful cars are theirs. (Mobil-mobil cantik ini adalah mobil-mobil mereka).
9.       That pencil is yours. (Pensil itu adalah pensilmu).
10.   This dictionary is his. (Kamus ini adalah kamusnya).
Note: In speaking, noun setelah “this, that, these dan those” sering dihilangkan. Lawan bicara sudah paham maksudnya karena noun-nya sudah diacu sebelumnya, plus adanya body language. Contoh-contoh di atas dapat dinyatakan dengan:
1.       This is mine
2.       That’s yours
3.       Those are his now, dan seterusnya.

Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive atau reciprocal pronoun ini digunakan untuk merefleksikan diri dan untuk mengeraskan arti orang atau benda yang diacunya.
Contoh:
1.       I hate myself. (Saya benci diriku sendiri).
2.       You only love yourself. (Kamu hanya cinta dirimu sendiri).
3.       You all have to help yourselves. (Kamu semua harus membantu diri kamu sendiri).
4.       We have to discipline ourselves. (Kita harus mendisiplinkan diri kita sendiri).
5.       She must be angry to herself. (Dia harus marah pada dirinya sendiri).
6.       He gives himself a little more time to rest. (Dia memberi dirinya sendiri sedikit lebih banyak waktu untuk beristirahat).
7.       They are proud of themselves. (Mereka bangga pada diri mereka sendiri).

Sumber:
http://grammarboxx.blogspot.com/2011/11/pronouns.html

Infinitives

Infinitive adalah verbal berbentuk kata kerja dasar yang umumnya ditambah to di depannya, misalnya to eat, to say, to run, to work, to study.
Seperti halnya dengan gerund, infinitive pun dapat berfungsi sebagai kata benda (noun). Bedanya, penggunaan infinitive lebih luas daripada gerund yang hanya berfungsi sebagai kata benda. Infinitive mempunyai tiga fungsi, yaitu sebagai kata benda (noun), kata sifat (adjective), dan kata keterangan (adverb).

Infinitive sebagai kata benda (noun)
1.     To say is easy but to do is difficult.
2.    To understand English is not an easy job.
3.    To dry an ocean is nonsense.

Infinitive sebagai kata sifat (adjective)
1.     I have no time to go.
2.    The desire to success is strong in youth.
3.     I have had the money to pay this ticket.

Infinitive sebagai kata keterangan (adverb)
·         I come to meet you.
·         We read to get new information.

Infinitive tidak pernah dan tidak boleh menempati posisi sebagai kata kerja utama (main verb).
·         I to drink a cup of coffee. (salah)
·         I drink a cup of coffee. (benar)


Infinitives juga bisa dikombinasikan dengan be dan have sebagai kata kerja bantu (auxiliaries) untuk membentuk konstruksi waktu. Perhatikan bentuk infinitives berikut ini:
Bentuk infinitives (active):
Simple --> to write
Continuous --> to be writing
Perfect --> to have written
Perfect continuous --> to have been writing

Contoh infinitive (active) dalam kalimat:
·         I want to see you.
·         It’s nice to be sitting here.
·         I’m glad to have seen her.
·         I’d like to have been sitting there when she walked in.

Bentuk infinitives (passive):
Simple --> to be written
Perfect --> to have been written

Contoh infinitive (passive) dalam kalimat:
·         She likes to be liked.
·         She wants to be loved.
·         The paddy field needs to be watered.
·         You could have been killed.
·          It must have been done when it was being moved.

Catatan
Setelah modal auxiliary verbs, infinitive yang digunakan adalah infinitive tanpa to. Modal auxiliary verbs yang tidak boleh memakai to sesudahnya adalah will, shall, would, could, can, may, might, must, should, dan needn't (tetapi bukan need to).

Sumber :
hInfinitivestanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/04/infinitives.html

Gerund

Gerund adalah kata kerja (Verb) yang digunakan tetapi fungsinya berubah sebagai kata benda (Noun). atau dapat juga dikatakan bahwa gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan (Verbal Noun).
Bentuk dari Gerund adalah: VERB 1 + ING
Contohnya: swimming, shopping, talking, playing, sleeping, eating, etc.
Fungsi Gerund
Dalam kalimat, gerund berfungsi sebagai:
a.       Subjek (subject)
b.      Pelengkap subjek (subjective complement)
c.       Objek langsung (direct object)
d.      Objek preposisi (object of preposition)
Macam-Macam Gerund
Subject
Gerund sebagai subjek pokok kalimat,
Apabila Gerund sebagai Subject, maka Gerund dapat berdiri sendiri atau berbentuk sebagai frase.
Formula : S               Verb
            Swimming is good service.

Bentuk dari kata “swimming” pada kalimat di atas adalah sebagai Gerund, yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda (Noun).
·         Your singing is very beautiful.
·         Studying needs time and patience.
·         Playing tennis is fun.
·          Reading English is easier than speaking it.

 Subjective Complement
Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului to be yang terletak di antara subject dan subjective complement, contoh:
·         My favorite sport is running.
·          My favorite activity is reading.

Direct Object
Gerund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh:
·         I enjoy dancing.
·         likes dancing.
·         Thank you for coming.
·         I hate arguing.
Object of Preposition
Ada dua kemungkinan jika Gerund digunakan sebagai Object, yakni Object of Preposition (Object Kata Depan) dan Object of Verb (Object Kata Kerja).
Menggunakan Gerund Sebagai Object of Preposition (Object Preposisi)
Formula: Preposition + Gerund (Verb + Ing)
Contoh:
1.       We talk about going to Bali for our vacation.
2.       She is not interesting in looking for a new job.
3.       Thank you for helping me carry the bag.
4.       You Should take advantage of living here.
5.       The rain prevented us from completing the work.
6.       We will be happy by listening the music.
7.       Billy is not used to wearing a suit and tie everyday.

Beberapa preposisi (preposition) lazim yang sering diikuti oleh Gerund adalah:about, in, for, of, without, from, by, to, after, before, because of, at, like and with, .
CATATAN:
Untuk preposisi “to”, boleh diikuti Gerund jika fungsinya memang sebagai presposisi, bukan bentuk dari infinitif.
Contohnya:
·         I’m used to sleeping with the window open.
·         I’m accustomed to sleeping with the window open.
·         I look forward to going home next month.
Menggunakan Gerund Sebagai Object of Verb (Object Kata Kerja)
Formula: VERB + Gerund (Verb + Ing)
Kata kerja (VERB) yang lazim diikuti oleh Gerund adalah sebagai berikut:
VERB + GERUND

Enjoy
Quit (give up)

Consider (think about)
Appreciate
Finish (get through)
Postpone (put off)
Discuss (talk about)
Mind
Delay
Mention
Keep (keep on)
Stop
Suggest
Avoid


admit, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, can't help, imagine, involve, leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, put off, report, resent, risk, can't stand, suggest, understand

Contoh:
1.       Mary has finished discussing about Africa and its people.
2.       I enjoy playing tennis.
3.       Brian quit smoking.
4.       Brian give up smoking.

Appositive
Gerund sebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat, contoh:
1.       My hobby, fishing, is interesting.
2.       I do not like quarrelling, a useless job.

 Gerunds in Passive Sense
We often use a gerund after the verbs need, require and want. In this case, the gerund has a passive sense.
Untuk menyatakan kalimat pasif, khususnya setelah Kata Kerja Want, Need, require, dan deserve, maka gunakan Gerunds.
1.       I have three shirts that need washing. (need to be washed)
2.       This letter requires signing. (needs to be signed)
3.       The house wants repainting. (needs to be repainted)

 Gerund sebagai kata majemuk (Compound Noun) yang mengandung arti alat
Contoh:
Swiming Pool, Swimming Suit, Shopping Centre, Drawing Book, Sewing Machine, Washing Machine, Writing Paper, Dinning Table, Shopping Bag, Racing Car, Waiting Room, Dinning Room, Living Room, Surfing Board, etc.

Gerund digunakan untuk membuat suatu larangan atau peringatan yang singkat
Contoh:
No smoking, no spitting, no parking, warning, etc.
AS IDIMATIC EXPRESSION
Biasanya untuk mengungkapkan ekspresi.
Untuk fungsi ini biasanya berpola “GO + V-ing“.
Contoh:
1.        I go fishing with my father.
2.       I went shopping with my mother.
(Saya pergi berbelanja dengan ibu saya)
3.       She will go camping, won’t she?
(Dia akan pergi berkemah, bukan?)
AFTER POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Jika ingin meletakkan kata kerja setelah kata kepunyaan seperti my, our, her, dll maka kata kerjanya juga harus dalam bentuk Gerunds.
Contoh:
1.       Thank you for your visiting.
(Terima kasih atas kedatangan Anda)
2.       I am sorry for my coming late.
(Mohon ma’af atas keterlambatan saya)


Sumber:
http://puspitafajerin.blogspot.com/2013/05/makalah-grammar-3-gerund.html

tulisan 2 bahasa inggris 'cinderella'

In English
Cinderella

Once upon a time, there was a girl called Cinderella. Cinderella is lived happily with her mother and father until her mother died. Feel that Cinderella needs a mother figure in his life, Cinderella’s father remarries to a woman who has two daughters of her own.
Unfortunately, Cinderella's father dies and she lived only with her stepmother and stepsisters. They were very bossy, she had to do all the housework.
One day on invitation to the hall come to the family. The King invited for all the eligible ladies in the kingdom so as to find Prince a wife. Her stepsisters would no let her go. Cinderella was sad. The stepsisters went to the hall without her.
Fortunately, the fairy Godmother came and helped her to get to the hall with the wave of magic wand, helped prepared Cinderella for the hall. The fairy does warn her that is magic will end at a stroke of midnight, so she must leaved the hall before than.
At the hall all people surprised when Cinderella arrived. And then the Prince invited Cinderella to danced. He fell in love with her.
All of a sudden, the clock star to chime that is a midnight. Cinderella hastily runs away, dropped a glass slipper as she does so. Cinderella escapes, with nothing from the night left, except from the other glass slipper, which had not changed back.
Prince Charming orders his love to be found by means of the odd shoe, and the Grand Duke is sent around the land getting every girl in the land to try on the glass slipper to see if it fits.
Eventually the Grand Duke reaches the residence of Cinderella, but she is nowhere to be seen. The stepsisters frantically try to get the glass slipper to fit so as to wed into royalty, but compatible nothing that. The Grand Duke is about to leave as Cinderella finally appears. He orders the messenger to brought forth the glass slipper, yet the stepmother in a last minute attempt to prevent her stepdaughter from better things, causes the messenger to trip, thus broken the fragile shoe into pieces. Yet the arrogant woman hadn't betted on Cinderella produced the other glass slipper, which fits onto Cinderella's foot perfectly.
Very soon, wedding bells ring, and Cinderella married her prince, and they live happily ever after.

In Indonesian
Cinderella

Pada suatu ketika, ada seorang anak perempuan yang dipanggil dengan nama Cinderella. Cinderella hidup bahagia dengan Ibu dan Ayahnya sampai Ibunya meninggal. Merasa bahwa Cinderella membutuhkan gambaran seorang ibu di hidupnya, Ayah Cinderella menikah lagi dengan seorang perempuan yang mempunyai dua anak perempuan kandung.
Sayangnya, Ayah Cinderella meninggal dan dia hanya tinggal dengan saudara-saudara tiri dan ibu tirinya. Mereka sangat suka memerintah, dia harus melakukan semua pekerjaan rumah tangga.
Suatu hari undangan menuju aula datang kepada keluarga itu. Raja mengundang untuk semua wanita yang dapat dipilih di dalam kerajaan untuk mencarikan Pangeran seorang isteri. Saudara – saudara tirinya tidak mengijinkan dia pergi. Cinderella sedih. Saudara – saudara tirinya pergi ke aula itu tanpa dia.
Untungnya, Ibu Peri datang dan membantunya untuk datang ke aula dengan bantuan lambaian tongkat ajaib, yang membantu Cinderella menyiapkan diri untuk pergi ke aula itu. Ibu Peri memperingatkannya sihir itu akan berakhir dengan segera pada tengah malam, maka dia harus meninggalkan aula sebelum itu.
Di aula semua orang-orang kagum ketika Cinderella tiba. Kemudian Pangeran mengajak Cinderella untuk menari. Ia jatuh cinta kepadanya. Tanpa disadari, bintang jam untuk menunjukkan itu adalah tengah malam. Cinderella dengan tergesa-gesa berlari pergi menjatuhkan salah satu sepatu kaca yang dipakainya. Cinderella bebas, tidak ada apapun yang tertinggal dari malam itu, kecuali salah satu sepatu kaca, yang tidak berubah bentuk.
Pangeran memerintah agar cintanya ditemukan dengan menggunakan petunjuk sepatu yang aneh, dan Adipati dikirim di wilayah sekitar untuk menemui setiap anak perempuan di dalam wilayah untuk mencoba memakai sepatu kaca itu dan melihat jika itu sesuai.
Secepatnya Adipati menjangkau tempat kediaman Cinderella, tetapi dia tidak terlihat dimanapun. Para saudara perempuan tirinya yang dengan kebingungan mencoba sepatu kaca itu agar cocok supaya mendapatkan sayembara pernikahan itu, tetapi tidak ada dari mereka yang cocok. Adipati baru akan meninggalkan tempat ketika Cinderella yang akhirnya nampak. Ia meminta pesuruh untuk mengeluarkan sepatu kaca itu, namun ibu tiri di suatu detik terakhir mencoba untuk mencegah, anak tiri perempuannya dari berbagai hal lebih baik, menyebabkan pesuruh jatuh ketika berjalan, dengan begitu hancurlah sepatu yang mudah pecah menjadi berkeping - keping. Namun perempuan yang angkuh tidak pernah menyangka bahwa Cinderella mengeluarkan sepatu kaca lainnya, yang sesuai dengan ke kaki Cinderella dengan sempurna.
Segera, lonceng perkawinan berbunyi, Cinderella menikah dengan pangerannya, dan mereka hidup dengan bahagia selama - lamanya.

causative verb and passive voice

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice is a grammatical construction (grammatical form) where the subject in the sentence (sentence) or clause (clause) does not take action, but rather accept the action or follow-up (receiver of action) by the other agent (DOER of action) either mentioned or not.

Some ways to make passive sentences:

Sentences must have an object.

Laying the object becomes the subject of an active sentence passive voice.

Laying the subject of an active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence.

Laid by before the object.

Using the verb (verb) The third form (V-3) ​​as to be (is, am, are, was, were, be, been, being)

Only the verbal phrase that can be used in the passive voice.

Following her tense.

Function or description the same time in the passive voice to active voice

1. SIMPLE PRESENT

Rumus :

 Positif             : Subjek + is/am/are + past participle/V3

Negatif            : Subjek + is/am/are + Not + Past Participle

Question          : is/am/are + Subjek + Past Participle

Example :

Aktif                                                               Pasif

They borrow the book.                                   The book is borrowed by them.

They don't borrow the book.                          The book is not borrowed by them.

Do they borrow the book?                               Is the book borrowed by them?

She repairs this blue car.                                  This blue car is repaired by her.

She does not repair this blue car.                     This blue car is not repaired by her.

Does she repair this blue car?                           Is the blue car  repaired by her?

2. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Rumus :

( + ) S + Was/Were + V-3 + By + O

( - )  S + Was/Were + Not + V-3 + By + O

( ? ) Was/Were + S + V-3 + By + O ?

Example :

Aktif                                                               Pasif                                                                           

John bit Mary                                                 Mary was bitten by John

John didn’t bite Mary                                     Mary wasn’t bitten by John

Did John bite Mary?                                       Was Mary bitten by John?

What did John do?                                          What was done by John?

Who bit Mary?                                                Who was Mary bitten by?

Who did John bite?                                         Who was bitten by John?

3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Rumus :

( + ) S + To Be ( is, am, are ) + Being + V-3 + By + O

( - )  S + To Be ( is, am, are ) + Not + Being + V-3 + By + O

( ? ) To Be ( is, am, are ) + S + Being + V-3 + By + O ?

Example :

Aktif                                                               Pasif

She is reading the English book.                    The book is being read by her.

She is not reading the English book.              The book is being read by her.

Is she reading the English book?                    The book is not being read by her.

They are sending the letters.                           The letters are being sent by them.

They are  not sending the letters.                    The letters are not being sent by them.

Are they sending the letters?                           Are the letters being sent by them?

4. PAST PROGETIVE/CONTINUOS

Rumus :

(+) S + be(was/were) + V1-ing/present participle

(-) S + be(was/were) + not + V1-ing/present participle

(?)be(was/were) + S + V1-ing/present participle?      

Example :

Aktif                                                                          Pasif

John was biting Mary                                                Mary was being bitten by John

John wasn’t biting Mary                                            Mary wasn’t being bitten by John

Was John biting Mary?                                              Was Mary being bitten by John?

What was John doing?                                               What was being done by John?

Who was biting Mary?                                              Who was Mary being bitten by?

Who was John biting?                                                Who was being bitten by John?

5. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Rumus :

( + ) S + Have/Has + Been + V-3 + By + O

( - )  S + Have/Has + Not + Been + V-3 + By + O

( ? ) Have/Has + S + Been + V-3 + By + O ?

Example :

Aktif                                                                           Pasif

John has bitten Mary                                                  Mary has been bitten by John

John hasn’t bitten Mary                                              Mary hasn’t been bitten by John

Has John bitten Mary?                                               Has Mary been bitten by John?

What has John done?                                                 What has been done by John?

Who has bitten Mary?                                                Who has Mary been bitten by?

Who has John bitten?                                                 Who has been bitten by John?

6.  PAST PERFECT

Rumus :

( + ) S + Had + Been + V-3 + By + O

( - )  S + Had + Not + Been + V-3 + O

( ? ) Had + S + Been + V-3 + By + O ?

Example :

Aktif                                                                           Pasif

John had bitten Mary                                                 Mary had been bitten by John

John hadn’t bitten Mary                                             Mary hadn’t been bitten by John

Had John bitten Mary?                                              Had Mary been bitten by John?

What had John done?                                                What had been done by John?

Who had bitten Mary?                                               Who had Mary been bitten by?

Who had John bitten?                                                Who had been bitten by John?

 

 

Causative verbs

Causative verbs are used to indicate that one person causes a second person to do something for the first person. Atau Causative verb adalah kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa subject tidak bertanggungjawab langsung terhadap aksi yang terjadi melainkan seseorang atau sesuatu yang lain yang melakukan aksi tersebut.

The causative are : Let, Have, Get, Make

- Let : Membiarkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu.

The pattern Let/ permit/allow

                        S + let + complement + verb in simple form

                              (any tense)                                                     v1

                        S + permit + complement + verb in infinitive

                               allow

                           (any tense)                                                              to + v1

Example:

John let his daughter swim with her best friend

John permitted/ allowed his daughter to swim with her best friend

Dr Jones is letting the students hand in the papers

Dr. Jones is permitting/allowing the students to hand in the papers

- Have : menginginkan seseorang mengerjakan sesuatu untuk subjek.

the pattern Have active

                         S + have + complement + verb in simple form

                               (any tenses)     usually person                    ( V1 )

Example:

Marry has John wash the car (present tense)

Marry had John wash the car (past tense)

Marry is having John wash the car ( present continuous)

Marry has had John wash the car (present perfect)

Marry had had John wash the car (past perfect)

Marry will have John wash the car (future tenses)

- Get : mirip dengan have namun dengan struktur kalimat yang berbeda.

The pattern Get Active

                        S + get + complement + verb in  infinitive

                           (any tense)        (usually person)                     (to + v1)

Example:

Marry gets John to wash the car (simple present)

Marry got John to wash the car (past tense)

Marry is getting John to wash the car (present  continuous)

The pattern Have and Get Passive

                       S + Have/ Get + complement + verb in past participle

                             (any tense)                   (usually thing)                    V3

Example:

    James has/gets his shirts cleaned at the drycleaners

    Pat is having/is getting her car repaired this week

    Anna had/got her paper typed by a friend.

- Make : memaksa atau sangat menyakinkan seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu.

            The pattern Make/force

                        S + make + complement + verb in simple form

                             (any tense)                                                            v1

                         S + force + complement + verb in Infinitive

                            (any tense )                                                           to + v1

Example:

    The teacher always makes the children stay in their class

    The teacher always forces the children to stay in their class

    The manager made the salesmen attend the conference

    The manager forced the salesmen  to attend the conference

    The president is making his cabinet members sign this document

    The president is forcing his cabinet members to sign this document

http://www.wordsmile.com/contoh-kalimat-causative-verbs-let-make-have-get

Tugas Kelompok 2 Bahasa Inggris Bisnis

Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns adalah kata ganti yang menunjuk pada kata benda yang mendahuluinya (antecedent) yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung dalam kalimat. Relative pronouns biasa diletakkan di awal dependent clause atau anak kalimat yang menerangkan atau memberikan informasi tambahan kepada independent clause atau main clause.

Kata ganti yang digunakan adalah: who, whom, whose, which, dan that.

- The man who is sitting in the corner is my friend.

- The boy whom we visited is her boyfriend.

- The girl whose car was sold will go to study abroad.

- The filing cabinet, which we purchase last week, is very well built.

- The book that describes about behaviour of animal is expensive.

Kata who, whom, whose, which, dan that pada contoh di atas menunjuk pada kata benda sebelumnya (the man, the boy, the girl, the filling cabinet, the book).

Nouns (kata benda) atau pronouns (kata ganti) seperti the man, the boy, the girl, the filling cabinet, dan the book disebut dengan istilah antecedent.

- Voters whose names begin with the letters M to Z should go to Room 2.

- That photo is a reminder of someone who was very important to me.

- Hands up everyone who would like a drink.

- A mole is an animal that lives underground.

- He was accused of being drunk in charge of a vehicle, which is a serious offence.

Untuk menunjuk pada orang, gunakan relative pronouns: who, whom, whose dan that.

- the man who spoke

- the man that spoke (meskipun pemakaian that juga benar, who lebih disarankan sebagai subject pronoun)

- the man that I saw

- the man whom I saw  (meskipun pemakaian whom juga benar, that lebih disarankan sebagai object pronoun)

Untuk menunjuk pada benda lainnya atau hewan, gunakan relative pronouns: which, that dan whose.

- the cat which was sitting on the mat

- the cat that was sitting on the mat

- the book whose cover was torn

- a book to which I often refer

Ketika menunjuk pada sesuatu benda, of which bisa dipakai untuk menggantikan whose.

- a book the cover of which was torn

Perluasan relative pronouns dengan kata ganti seperti whoever, whomever, whatever dikenal sebagai indefinite relative pronouns (relative pronouns tanpa antecedent).

- The boy will tease whomever he likes.

- She said whatever came to mind.

- Let in whoever comes to me.

Kata what juga dapat digunakan sebagai indefinite relative pronouns, contoh:

- I will tell you what you need to know.

- I know what I like.

Catatan

Who disebut sebagai subject pronoun dan whom sebagai object pronoun. Hal ini bisa dibandingkan dengan he dan him, they dan them, dsb.

- the man who was there (bandingkan ‘he was there’)

- the man whom I saw (bandingkan ‘I saw him’)

Kata whom lebih sering digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris formal. Dalam penggunaannya sehari-hari, baik dalam bentuk percakapan maupun tulisan, whom biasanya diganti dengan who.

- the man who I saw

- the man who you were speaking to

Whom tidak bisa digantikan oleh who bila sebelumnya didahului oleh preposition.

- the man to whom you were speaking

- They elected Smith chairman, than whom there could have been no better choice.

Biasanya bentuk preposition + whom ini dipakai dalam bahasa Inggris formal.

Indefinite relative pronouns memiliki sifat yang terdapat pada relative pronouns maupun indefinite pronouns. Jenis pronouns ini seperti menunjuk pada suatu kata benda, tetapi orang atau benda yang dimaksud tidak disebutkan dengan jelas.

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns adalah kata ganti untuk orang, binatang, tempat, atau sesuatu benda. Dalam kalimat, personal pronouns dapat digunakan sebagai subjek (the subject of a verb) maupun objek (the object of a verb).

Subject Pronouns

Personal pronouns yang digunakan sebagai subjek kata kerja adalah I, you, he, she, it, we, dan they. Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut ini:

- Lisa likes cats. She has four cats.

Pada kalimat pertama, Lisa (proper noun) adalah subjek kalimat atau subjek kata kerja likes. Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, she adalah subjek kalimat dan sebagai kata ganti untuk Lisa.

Beberapa contoh personal pronouns sebagai subjek:

- My name is Michael. I am fourteen.

- My father works hard. He works in a factory.

- My sister is older than me. She is twelve.

- Our dog is very naughty. It likes to chase cats.

- Bob, you are a bad boy!

- David and I are playing football. We like sports.

- Jim and Jeff are my brothers. They are older than I am.

Object Pronouns

Personal pronouns yang digunakan sebagai objek kata kerja adalah me, you, him, her, it, us dan them. Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut ini:

- Lisa likes cats. She likes to stroke them.

Pada kalimat pertama, cats adalah objek kalimat atau objek kata kerja likes. Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, them adalah objek kalimat dan sebagai kata ganti untuk cats.

Beberapa contoh personal pronouns sebagai objek:

- I’m doing my homework. Dad is helping me.

- Goodbye, children! I’ll call you later.

- Where is John? I need to speak to him.

- Miss Garcia is very nice. All the children like her.

- The car is very dirty. Mom is cleaning it.

- Uncle Harry called Mary to ask her a question.

- My chocolates are all gone. Someone has eaten them.

Dalam tata bahasa Inggris, pembicara atau orang yang berbicara disebut dengan orang pertama (first person), sedangkan yang diajak berbicara adalah orang kedua (second person), dan orang yang dibicarakan disebut sebagai orang ketiga (third person).

Berikut ini adalah tabel kata ganti untuk orang pertama (first person), kedua (second person), dan ketiga (third person).

			subject		object
	first person singular		I		me
	second person singular		you		you
	third person singular		he		him
			she		her
			it		it
	first person plural		we		us
	second person plural		you		you
	third person plural		they		them

Catatan

Dalam kalimat, personal pronouns dapat digabungkan dengan nouns. Yang digabungkan adalah orang pertama dan kedua yang berbentuk plural.

- We students are demanding that the administration give us two hours for lunch.

- The administration has managed to put us students in a bad situation.

Dan juga personal pronouns dan nouns yang sama-sama berkedudukan sebagai orang kedua.

- You students are demanding too much.

- We expect you students to behave like adults.

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns adalah kata ganti yang menunjukkan kepemilikan atas suatu benda. Kata-kata yang biasa digunakan adalah mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.

Contoh:
- Look at those cars. Theirs is really ugly; ours is beautiful.
- This new car is mine.
- Mine is newer than yours.
- My hair is very fine. Yours is much thicker.
- The choice was his.
- These are my gloves. Hers are in the drawer.

Restrictive Clause

Restrictive clause adalah klausa adjektiva yang digunakan untuk memberikan tambahan informasi yang bermanfaat bagi nomina yang mendahuluinya dan informasi tersebut membedakan nomina itu dari yang lain.

Contoh:

Yesterday I met an old man who could fortell the future.

The book which you lent me is very interesting.

This is the place that I visited two years ago.

It was Hasan who called me up.

The boy who is shining my shoes is a student

Non-restrictive Clause

Non-restrictive clause adalah klause adjektiva yang semata-mata memberikan keterangan tambahan pada nomina yang mendahuluinya, namun keterangan tambahan tersebut tidaklah begitu penting seperti halnya dalam restrictive clause. Atau dengan kata lain, keterangan tambahan tersebut bisa kita hilangkan karena nominanya sudah tertentu dan sudah dimengerti.

Non-restrictive clause dalam kalimat ditulis dengan menggunakan tanda koma (,).

Contoh:

Mr. Rahman, who lives next door, is a good neighbor.

CNN, which broadcasts actual news, is my favorite TV station.

I like reading The Firm, which was written by John Grisham.

Budi, who is shining my shoes, is a student.

Smallpox, which once killed thousands of people every year, has now been

wiped out.

http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com

http://englishinstitutonline.blogspot.com/2012/04/non-restrictive-clause.html


Anggota Kelompok :
Anita Amelia
Desy Nataliani
Elsa Denovia
Fitria Rahayu
Sri Wulandari

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